Description
AISI D2 Tool Steel: Detailed Overview
AISI D2 is a high-carbon, high-chromium tool steel renowned for its exceptional hardness, wear resistance, and dimensional stability. It is widely used in various industrial applications, particularly in tooling and machining, where durability and performance are critical.
Introduction to AISI D2 Tool Steel
AISI D2 is classified as a cold work tool steel and is often used in manufacturing applications that require high hardness and wear resistance. Its unique composition allows it to maintain its properties even at elevated temperatures, making it suitable for demanding environments.
Key Features of AISI D2 Tool Steel:
- High Hardness: Achievable hardness levels of up to 62 HRC through proper heat treatment.
- Wear Resistance: Excellent resistance to abrasion, ideal for cutting tools.
- Dimensional Stability: Maintains shape and size during heat treatment, reducing the risk of deformation.
- Toughness: Moderate toughness, suitable for heavy-duty applications with proper tempering.
Applications of AISI D2 Tool Steel
AISI D2 is extensively used across various industries for components requiring superior mechanical properties and wear resistance. Typical applications include:
- Manufacturing Industry: Dies, punches, and cutting blades.
- Tooling: Molds for plastic and metal forming.
- Automotive: Parts requiring high wear resistance, such as shear blades and stamping tools.
- Aerospace: Components subjected to high stress and wear.
Equivalent Grades of AISI D2 Tool Steel
AISI D2 is recognized under several standards, ensuring compatibility across various regions and industries.
| Standard | Equivalent Grade |
|---|---|
| DIN | 1.2379 |
| EN | X153CrMoV12 |
| BS | 420S45 |
Chemical Composition of AISI D2 Tool Steel
The chemical composition of AISI D2 is designed to provide optimal hardness, strength, and wear resistance. The typical composition is as follows:
| Element | Composition (%) |
|---|---|
| Carbon (C) | 1.40 – 1.60 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 11.00 – 13.00 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.60 – 0.90 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.70 – 1.20 |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.60 – 0.80 |
| Phosphorus (P) | ≤ 0.03 |
| Sulfur (S) | ≤ 0.03 |
This composition ensures high hardness and strength while maintaining adequate toughness.
Mechanical Properties of AISI D2 Tool Steel
The mechanical properties of AISI D2 are crucial for its performance in demanding applications. The following table summarizes these properties:
| Property | Value (Typical) |
|---|---|
| Tensile Strength (MPa) | 2000 – 2200 |
| Yield Strength (MPa) | 1500 – 1700 |
| Elongation (%) | ≥ 5 |
| Impact Toughness (J) | ≥ 10 (at room temp) |
| Hardness (HRC) | 55 – 62 |
These values indicate the steel’s capability to withstand high stresses and impacts.
Heat Treatment of AISI D2 Tool Steel
Heat treatment processes are essential for achieving the desired mechanical properties in AISI D2. Common processes include:
- Hardening: Heat to 1850°F (1010°C) and quench in oil or air to increase hardness.
- Tempering: Heat to 400°F (204°C) or higher after hardening to reduce brittleness and improve toughness.
- Normalizing: Heat to 1750°F (955°C) and air cool to refine grain structure and enhance toughness.
These treatments tailor the steel’s properties for specific applications.
Hardness of AISI D2 Tool Steel
The hardness of AISI D2 can be adjusted through heat treatment processes. Typical hardness values are:
- Annealed Condition: 200 – 250 HB
- After Hardening and Tempering: Up to 62 HRC
These hardness values reflect the steel’s capability to resist wear and deformation under load.
Physical Properties of AISI D2 Tool Steel
The physical properties of AISI D2 contribute to its performance and reliability. The following table summarizes these properties:
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Density (g/cm³) | 7.85 |
| Melting Point (°C) | 1425 – 1460 |
| Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | 25 – 30 |
| Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg·K) | 460 – 480 |
These properties ensure stability and performance in various operating conditions.
Forging Properties of AISI D2 Tool Steel
AISI D2 can be forged at temperatures ranging from 1850°F to 2000°F (1010°C to 1093°C). It is crucial to cool the forged components slowly to prevent internal stresses and maintain dimensional stability.
Stress Relieving for AISI D2 Tool Steel
Stress relieving involves heating the steel to 1000°F – 1100°F (540°C – 590°C) to remove residual stresses from machining or forming. This process enhances dimensional stability and reduces the risk of deformation.
Normalizing AISI D2 Tool Steel
Normalizing is performed by heating the steel to 1600°F – 1800°F (870°C – 980°C) and allowing it to cool in air. This process improves toughness and refines the grain structure.
Annealing AISI D2 Tool Steel
Annealing involves heating the steel to 1400°F – 1450°F (760°C – 790°C) and cooling it slowly in the furnace. This process improves machinability and prepares the steel for further heat treatments.
Machinability of AISI D2 Tool Steel
AISI D2 tool steel exhibits fair machinability, especially in its annealed condition. It can be machined into complex shapes with standard cutting tools, although care should be taken to manage tool wear during high-hardness operations.
Welding of AISI D2 Tool Steel
Welding of AISI D2 is feasible with proper preheating (to about 400°F or 204°C) and post-weld heat treatment. Following appropriate welding procedures helps prevent issues such as cracking or reduced toughness.
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